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Puerto Rican citizenship
Puerto Rican citizenship was first legislated by the United States Congress in Article 7 of the Foraker Act of 1900〔(''Puerto Rican Immigrants: A Resource Guide for Teachers and Students.'' ) Warren Stevenson, Joshua Romano, Kaitlin Quinn-Stearns, and Thomas Kennedy. Fitchburg State University. Immigration and the American Identity, Dr. Laura Baker. TAH Program. Summer 2009. Page 2. Retrieved 21 October 2013.〕 and later recognized in the Constitution of Puerto Rico.〔((Spanish) Ley Orgánica Foraker del 12 de Abril de 1900. LexJuris )〕〔((Spanish) 97 DTS 135 -- ''Ramírez de Ferrer v. Mari Brás'' )〕 Puerto Rican citizenship existed before the U.S. takeover of the islands of Puerto Rico and continued afterwards.〔〔(''Puerto Rico: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.'' ) US Senate. 109th Congress, 2nd Session on The Report by the President’s Task Force on Puerto Rico’s Status. Nov 15, 2006. page 114.〕 Its affirmative standing was also recognized before and after the creation of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952.〔(''Puerto Rico: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.'' ) US Senate. 109th Congress, 2nd Session on The Report by the President’s Task Force on Puerto Rico’s Status. Nov 15, 2006. page 114.〕 Puerto Rican citizenship was recognized by the United States Congress in the early twentieth century and continues unchanged after the creation of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.〔(''“They say I am not an American…”: The Noncitizen National and the Law of American Empire.'' ) Christina Duffy Burnett. Columbia University. 1 July 2008〕〔(''Puerto Rico: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.'' ) US Senate. 109th Congress, 2nd Session on The Report by the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico’s Status. Nov 15, 2006. page 114.〕 The United States government also continues to recognize a Puerto Rican nationality.〔(CIA World Factbook ) Found at: ''CIA World Factbook > Central America and Caribbean > Puerto Rico > People > Nationality.'' Retrieved 21 September 2013.〕 Puerto Rican citizenship is also recognized by the Spanish Government, which recognizes Puerto Ricans as a people with Puerto Rican, and not "American" citizenship. It also grants Spanish citizenship to Puerto Ricans on the basis of their Puerto Rican, not American, citizenship.〔(''La eficacia y alcance del Certificado de Ciudadanía Puertorriqueña.'' ) Enrique Acosta Pumarejo. Microjuris. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.〕
On November 18, 1997, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, through its ruling in ''Miriam J. Ramirez de Ferrer v. Juan Mari Brás'', reaffirmed the standing existence of the Puerto Rican citizenship〔 and, on October 25, 2006, Puerto Rican Socialist Party president Juan Mari Brás became the first person to receive a Puerto Rican citizenship certificate from the Puerto Rico Department of State.〔(''Race, Racism and the Law.'' )〕 Since 2007, the Government of Puerto Rico has been issuing "Certificates of Puerto Rican Citizenship" to anyone born in Puerto Rico or to anyone born outside of Puerto Rico with at least one parent who was born in Puerto Rico.〔((Spanish) Citizenship application. Puerto Rico Department of State )〕〔() Departamento de Estado expedirá certificados de ciudadanía puertorriqueña〕
==United States recognition of Puerto Rican citizenship==
On April 12, 1900, the United States Congress enacted the Foraker Act of 1900, which replaced the governing military regime in Puerto Rico with a civil form of government. Section VII of this act created a Puerto Rican citizenship for the residents "born in Puerto Rico and, therefore, subject to its jurisdiction".〔 The Puerto Rican citizenship replaced the Spanish citizenship that Puerto Ricans held at the time of the American invasion〔(''Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish-American War.'' ) US Library of Congress. Hispanic Division. In, "The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War." Retrieved 18 March 2014.〕 in 1898.〔(''Porto Rico Federal Reports, Vol II.'' ) United States District Court (Puerto Rico). Vol. II. Pages 470-473. United States District Court for the District of Porto Rico. Rochester, N.Y.: The Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Company. 1908. Retrieved 28 June 2012.〕 Such Puerto Rican citizenship was granted by Spain in 1897.〔("Citizenship in Puerto Rico: Question of the Status of the Island's 800,000 Inhabitants" ) ''The New York Times''〕 This citizenship was reaffirmed by the United States Supreme Court in 1904 by its ruling in ''Gonzales v. Williams'' which denied that Puerto Ricans were United States citizens and labeled them as noncitizen nationals.〔(“They say I am not an American…”: The Noncitizen National and the Law of American Empire. Christina Duffy Burnett. )〕 In a 1914 letter of refusal to the offer of U.S. citizenship and addressed to both the President of the United States and the U.S. Congress, the Puerto Rico House of Delegates stated ''"We, Porto Ricans, Spanish-Americans, of Latin soul ... are satisfied with our own beloved Porto Rican citizenship, and proud to have been born and brethren in our own motherland."''〔(''Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity.'' ) Nancy Morris. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. 1995. Page 31. (From the Congressional Record 1914: 6718-20.) Retrieved 18 May 2012.〕 The official 1916 Report by the American colonial governor of Puerto Rico to the U.S. Secretary of War (the old name for the Department of Defense〔National Security Act of 1947〕), addresses both citizenships, the Puerto Rican citizenship and United States citizenship,〔(Annual report of the Secretary of War. United States War Department. 1916. Page 130. )〕 in the context of the issuance of passports, further evidencing that the Puerto Rican citizenship did not disappear when the Americans took over the island in 1898.
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